For dragon boating as a sport, see dragon boat. For the Cambodian festival with dragon boat races, see Bon Om Touk.
Dragon Boat Festival
Qing Dynasty Dragon Boat Festival.jpg
Dragon Boat Festival (18th century)
Observed by Chinese
Type Cultural
Observances Dragon boat racing, consumption of realgar wine and zongzi
Date Fifth day of the fifth lunar month
2021 date 14 June
2022 date 3 June
2023 date 22 June
2024 date 31 May
Frequency Annual
Related to Tango no sekku, Dano, Tết Đoan Ngọ, Yukka Nu Hii
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 端午节
Traditional Chinese 端午節
Literal meaning "The very mid point of the year Festival"
Transcriptions

Dragon Boat Festival
Simplified Chinese 龙船节 / 龙舟节
Traditional Chinese 龍船節 / 龍舟節
Transcriptions

Double Fifth Festival
Fifth Month Festival
Fifth Day Festival
Simplified Chinese 重五节 / 双五节
五月节
五日节
Traditional Chinese 重五節 / 雙五節
五月節
五日節
Transcriptions

Dumpling Festival
Simplified Chinese 肉粽节
Traditional Chinese 肉糭節
Literal meaning Meat Zongzi Festival
Transcriptions

Portuguese name
Portuguese Festividade do Barco-Dragão
The Dragon Boat Festival (simplified Chinese: 端午节; traditional Chinese: 端午節) is a traditional Chinese holiday which occurs on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese calendar, which corresponds to late May or June in the Gregorian calendar.

Contents
1 Names
1.1 Chinese names by region
2 History
2.1 Origin
2.2 Qu Yuan
2.3 Wu Zixu
2.4 Cao E
2.5 Pre-existing holiday
2.6 Early 20th century
2.7 21st century
3 Public holiday
4 Practices and activities
4.1 Dragon boat racing
4.2 Zongzi (traditional Chinese rice dumpling)
4.3 Food related to 5
4.4 Realgar wine
4.5 5-colored silk-threaded braid
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 Explanatory notes
8 References
9 External links
Names
The English language name for the holiday is Dragon Boat Festival,[1] used as the official English translation of the holiday by the People's Republic of China.[2] It is also referred to in some English sources as Double Fifth Festival which alludes to the date as in the original Chinese name.[3]

Chinese names by region
Duanwu (Chinese: 端午; pinyin: duānwǔ), as the festival is called in Mandarin Chinese, literally means "starting/opening horse", i.e., the first "horse day" (according to the Chinese zodiac/Chinese calendar system) to occur on the month;[4][a] however, despite the literal meaning being wǔ, "the [day of the] horse in the animal cycle", this character has also been interchangeably construed as wǔ (Chinese: 五; pinyin: wǔ) meaning "five". Hence Duanwu, the "festival on the fifth day of the fifth month".[7]

The Mandarin Chinese name of the festival is "端午節" (simplified Chinese: 端午节; traditional Chinese: 端午節; pinyin: Duānwǔjié; Wade–Giles: Tuan Wu chieh)[b] in China and Taiwan,[8][6][9] and "Tuen Ng Festival" for Hong Kong, Macao,[10] Malaysia and Singapore.[11]

It is pronounced variously in different Chinese dialects. In Cantonese, it is romanized as Tuen1 Ng5 Jit3 in Hong Kong and Tung1 Ng5 Jit3 in Macau. Hence the "Tuen Ng Festival" in Hong Kong[11] Tun Ng (Festividade do Barco-Dragão in Portuguese) in Macao.[12][13]

History

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Origin
The fifth lunar month is considered an unlucky month. People believed that natural disasters and illnesses are common in the fifth month. To get rid of the misfortune, people would put calamus, Artemisia, pomegranate flowers, Chinese ixora and garlic above the doors on the fifth day of the fifth month.[citation needed] Since the shape of calamus forms like a sword and with the strong smell of the garlic, it is believed that they can remove the evil spirits.

Hanging wormwood leaves on top of a door to deter insects.
Another explanation to the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival comes from before the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). The fifth month of the lunar calendar was regarded as a bad month and the fifth day of the month a bad day. Venomous animals were said to appear starting from the fifth day of the fifth month, such as snakes, centipedes, and scorpions; people also supposedly get sick easily after this day. Therefore, during the Dragon Boat Festival, people try to avoid this bad luck. For example, people may paste pictures of the five poisonous creatures on the wall and stick needles in them. People may also make paper cutouts of the five creatures and wrap them around the wrists of their children.[14] Big ceremonies and performances developed from these practices in many areas, making the Dragon Boat Festival a day for getting rid of disease and bad luck.

A statue of Qu Yuan in Jingzhou, at the site of the former Chu capital Ying.
Qu Yuan
Main article: Qu Yuan
The story best known in modern China holds that the festival commemorates the death of the poet and minister Qu Yuan (c. 340–278 BC) of the ancient state of Chu during the Warring States period of the Zhou dynasty.[15] A cadet member of the Chu royal house, Qu served in high offices. However, when the emperor decided to ally with the increasingly powerful state of Qin, Qu was banished for opposing the alliance and even accused of treason.[15] During his exile, Qu Yuan wrote a great deal of poetry. Twenty-eight years later, Qin captured Ying, the Chu capital. In despair, Qu Yuan committed suicide by drowning himself in the Miluo River.

It is said that the local people, who admired him, raced out in their boats to save him, or at least retrieve his body. This is said to have been the origin of dragon boat races. When his body could not be found, they dropped balls of sticky rice into the river so that the fish would eat them instead of Qu Yuan's body. This is said to be the origin of zongzi.[15]

During World War II, Qu Yuan began to be treated in a nationalist way as "China's first patriotic poet". The view of Qu's social idealism and unbending patriotism became canonical under the People's Republic of China after 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War.

Wu Zixu
Main article: Wu Zixu
Despite the modern popularity of the Qu Yuan origin theory, in the former territory of the Kingdom of Wu, the festival commemorated Wu Zixu (died 484 BC), the Premier of Wu. Xi Shi, a beautiful woman sent by King Goujian of the state of Yue, was much loved by King Fuchai of Wu. Wu Zixu, seeing the dangerous plot of Goujian, warned Fuchai, who became angry at this remark. Wu Zixu was forced to commit suicide by Fuchai, with his body thrown into the river on the fifth day of the fifth month. After his death, in places such as Suzhou, Wu Zixu is remembered during the Dragon Boat Festival.

Cao E
Main article: Cao E

The front of the Cao E Temple, facing east, toward Cao'e River, in Shangyu, Zhejiang, China.
Although Wu Zixu is commemorated in southeast Jiangsu and Qu Yuan elsewhere in China, much of Northeastern Zhejiang including the cities of Shaoxing, Ningbo and Zhoushan celebrates the memory of the young girl Cao E (曹娥; AD 130–144) instead. Cao E's father Cao Xu (曹盱) was a shaman who presided over local ceremonies at Shangyu. In 143, while presiding over a ceremony commemorating Wu Zixu during the Dragon Boat Festival, Cao Xu accidentally fell into the Shun River. Cao E, in an act of filial piety, decided to find her father in the river, searching for 3 days trying to find him. After five days, she and her father were both found dead in the river from drowning. Eight years later, in 151, a temple was built in Shangyu dedicated to the memory of Cao E and her sacrifice for filial piety. The Shun River was renamed Cao'e River in her honor.[16]

Dragon boat Races at Dajia River Park in Taipei.
Cao E is depicted in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜; Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.

Pre-existing holiday
Some modern research suggests that the stories of Qu Yuan or Wu Zixu were superimposed onto a pre-existing holiday tradition. The promotion of these stories might be encouraged by Confucian scholars, seeking to legitimize and strengthen their influence in China. The relationship between zongzi, Qu Yuan and the festival, first appeared during the early Han dynasty.[17]

The stories of both Qu Yuan and Wu Zixu were recorded in Sima Qian's Shiji, completed 187 and 393 years after the events, respectively, because historians wanted to praise both characters.

Another theory, advanced by Wen Yiduo, is that the Dragon Boat Festival originated from dragon worship. Support is drawn from two key traditions of the festival: the tradition of dragon boat racing and zongzi. The food may have originally represented an offering to the dragon king, while dragon boat racing naturally reflects a reverence for the dragon and the active yang energy associated with it. This was merged with the tradition of visiting friends and family on boats.

Another suggestion is that the festival celebrates a widespread feature of east Asian agrarian societies: the harvest of winter wheat. Offerings were regularly made to deities and spirits at such times: in the ancient Yue, dragon kings; in the ancient Chu, Qu Yuan; in the ancient Wu, Wu Zixu (as a river god); in ancient Korea, mountain gods (see Dano). As interactions between different regions increased, these similar festivals eventually merged into one holiday.

Early 20th century
In the early 20th Century the Dragon Boat Festival was observed from the first to the fifth days of the fifth month, and also known as the Festival of Five Poisonous Insects (simplified Chinese: 毒虫节; traditional Chinese: 毒蟲節; pinyin: Dúchóng jié). Yu Der Ling writes in chapter 11 of her 1911 memoir Two Years in the Forbidden City:

The first day of the fifth moon was a busy day for us all, as from the first to the fifth of the fifth moon was the festival of five poisonous insects, which I will explain later—also called the Dragon Boat Festival. [...] Now about this Feast. It is also called the Dragon Boat Feast. The fifth of the fifth moon at noon was the most poisonous hour for the poisonous insects, and reptiles such as frogs, lizards, snakes, hide in the mud, for that hour they are paralyzed. Some medical men search for them at that hour and place them in jars, and when they are dried, sometimes use them as medicine. Her Majesty told me this, so that day I went all over everywhere and dug into the ground, but found nothing.[18]

21st century
In 2004 the Dragon Boat Festival was elevated to a national holiday in China.

Public holiday

Dragon boat race by Li Zhaodao (675–758)

ROC (Taiwan) President Ma Ying-jeou visits Liang Island before Dragon Boat Festival (2010)
'恭祝總統端節愉快' ('Respectfully Wishing the President a Joyous Dragon Boat Festival')
The festival was long marked as a cultural festival in China and is a public holiday in China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and Taiwan (ROC). The People's Republic of China government established in 1949 did not initially recognize the Dragon Boat Festival as a public holiday but reintroduced it in 2008 alongside two other festivals in a bid to boost traditional culture.[19][20]

Dragon Boat Festival is unofficially observed by the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, including Singapore and Malaysia. Equivalent and related official festivals include the Korean Dano, Japanese Children's Day, and Vietnamese Tết Đoan Ngọ.[citation needed]

Practices and activities

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Section of Dragon Boat Regatta by Wang Zhenpeng (fl. 1275–1330)
Three of the most widespread activities conducted during the Dragon Boat Festival are eating (and preparing) zongzi, drinking realgar wine, and racing dragon boats.[21]

Dragon boat racing
Dragon boat racing has a rich history of ancient ceremonial and ritualistic traditions, which originated in southern central China more than 2500 years ago. The legend starts with the story of Qu Yuan, who was a minister in one of the Warring State governments, Chu. He was slandered by jealous government officials and banished by the king. Out of disappointment in the Chu monarch, he drowned himself into the Miluo River. The common people rushed to the water and tried to recover his body. In commemoration of Qu Yuan, people hold dragon boat races yearly on the day of his death according to the legend. They also scattered rice into the water to feed the fish, to prevent them from eating Qu Yuan's body, which is one of the origins of zongzi.

Red Bean Rice Dumpling
Zongzi (traditional Chinese rice dumpling)
Main article: Zongzi
A notable part of celebrating Dragon Boat Festival is making and eating zongzi with family members and friends. People traditionally wrap zongzi in leaves of reed, bamboo, forming a pyramid shape. The leaves also give a special aroma and flavor to the sticky rice and fillings. Choices of fillings vary depending on regions. Northern regions in China prefer sweet or dessert-styled zongzi, with bean paste, jujube, and nuts as fillings. Southern regions in China prefer savory zongzi, with a variety of fillings including marinated pork belly, sausage, and salted duck eggs.

Zongzi appeared before the Spring and Autumn Period and was originally used to worship ancestors and gods; in the Jin Dynasty, Zongzi became a festive food for the Dragon Boat Festival. Jin Dynasty, dumplings were officially designated as the Dragon Boat Festival food. At this time, in addition to glutinous rice, the raw materials for making zongzi are also added with Chinese medicine Yizhiren. The cooked zongzi is called "yizhi zong".[22]

The reason why the Chinese eat zongzi on this special day has many statements. The folk version is to hold a memorial ceremony for Quyuan. While in fact, Zongzi has been regarded as an oblation for the ancestor even before the Chunqiu period. From the Jin dynasty, Zongzi officially became the festival food and long last until now.

Food related to 5
'Wu' (午) in the name 'Duanwu' in Chinese has a similar pronunciation as the number 5 in multiple dialects, and thus many regions have traditions of eating food that is related to the number 5. For example, the Guangdong and Hong Kong regions have the tradition of having congee made from 5 different beans.

Realgar wine
Realgar wine or Xiong Huang wine is a Chinese alcoholic drink that is made from Chinese yellow wine dosed with powdered realgar, a yellow-orange arsenic sulfide mineral also known as "rice wine". It is often used as a pesticide against mosquitoes and other biting insects during the hot summers, and as a common antidote against poison in ancient Asia.

5-colored silk-threaded braid
In some regions of China, parents braid silk threads of 5 colors and put them on their children's wrists, on the day of the Dragon Boat Festival. People believe that this will help keep bad spirits and diseases away.

Other common activities include hanging up icons of Zhong Kui (a mythic guardian figure), hanging mugwort and calamus, taking long walks, and wearing perfumed medicine bags.[23] Other traditional activities include a game of making an egg stand at noon (this "game" implies that if someone succeeds in making the egg stand at exactly 12:00 noon, that person will receive luck for the next year), and writing spells. All of these activities, together with the drinking of realgar wine or water, were regarded by the ancients and some today as effective in preventing disease or evil while promoting health and well-being.

In the early years of the Republic of China, Duanwu was celebrated as the "Poets' Day" due to Qu Yuan's status as China's first known poet. The Taiwanese also sometimes conflate the spring practice of egg-balancing with Duanwu.[24]

The sun is considered to be at its strongest around the time of summer solstice, as the daylight in the northern hemisphere is the longest. The sun, like the Chinese dragon, traditionally represents masculine energy, whereas the moon, like the phoenix, traditionally represents feminine energy. The summer solstice is considered the annual peak of male energy while the winter solstice, the longest night of the year, represents the annual peak of feminine energy. The masculine image of the dragon has thus associated with the Dragon Boat Festival.[25]

端午节 （中国四大传统节日之一）
播报 编辑 讨论99+ 上传视频
端午节，又称端阳节、龙舟节、重五节、天中节等，是集拜神祭祖、祈福辟邪、欢庆娱乐和饮食为一体的民俗大节。端午节源于自然天象崇拜，由上古时代祭龙演变而来。仲夏端午，苍龙七宿飞升于正南中央，处在全年最“中正”之位，正如《易经·乾卦》第五爻：“飞龙在天”。端午是“飞龙在天”吉祥日，龙及龙舟文化始终贯穿在端午节的传承历史中。 [1-4]
端午节起源于江浙地区吴越部族的龙图腾祭祀 [145] ，是流行于中国以及汉字文化圈诸国的传统文化节日， [139] 传说战国时期的楚国诗人屈原在五月初五跳汨罗江自尽，后人亦将端午节作为纪念屈原的节日；也有纪念伍子胥、曹娥及介子推等说法。端午节的起源涵盖了古老星象文化、人文哲学等方面内容，蕴含着深邃丰厚的文化内涵，在传承发展中杂糅了多种民俗为一体，各地因地域文化不同而又存在着习俗内容或细节上的差异。 [49] [127-131] [135]
端午节与春节、清明节、中秋节并称为中国四大传统节日。端午文化在世界上影响广泛，世界上一些国家和地区也有庆贺端午的活动。2006年5月，国务院将其列入首批国家级非物质文化遗产名录；自2008年起，被列为国家法定节假日。2009年9月，联合国教科文组织正式批准将其列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》，端午节成为中国首个入选世界非遗的节日。 [130]
2021年10月25日，《国务院办公厅关于2022年部分节假日安排的通知》发布，2022年端午节：6月3日至5日放假，共3天。 [140]

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铁路端午小长假运输启动2022-06-02 10:04 6月2日，为期4天的铁路端午小长假运输正式启动，至6月5日结束，预计客流总体回暖，全国铁路日均发送旅客540万人，比五一假期日均增加200万人以上。铁路部门将认真贯彻党中央、国务院稳住经济大盘部署要求，统筹做好疫情防控、旅客运输、保通保畅等工作，有力有效服务人民群众节日出行和经济社会平稳健康发展。...详情 中文名端午节外文名Dragon Boat Festival(英语)别 名端阳节、龙节、正阳节、龙舟节、天中节等节日时间农历五月初五节日类型中国四大传统节日之一流行地区中国及汉字文化圈诸国节日起源天象崇拜，龙图腾祭祀节日活动扒龙船、放纸鸢、挂艾草菖蒲等节日饮食粽子、五黄、咸鸭蛋、绿豆糕等节日意义传承与弘扬非物质文化起源时期上古时代纪念人物屈原、伍子胥、曹娥、介子推等国家文化遗产2006年5月20日列入第一批名录世界文化遗产2009年9月30日入选世界名录 目录 1 节名涵义 2 历史渊源 ▪ 源流 ▪ 由来 ▪ 考证 3 相关诸说 ▪ 人物纪念说 ▪ 其它说法 4 民间习俗 ▪ 传统民俗 ▪ 特色饮食 ▪ 各地习俗 5 国外影响 6 传承发展 7 文学记述 ▪ 诗词作品 ▪ 相关谚语 8 文化内涵 9 放假安排 节名涵义编辑 播报 端午节起源于江浙地区吴越部族的龙图腾祭祀，注入夏季时令“祛病防疫"风尚，把端午视为“恶月恶日”起于北方，附会纪念屈原等历史人物纪念内容，最后形成如今端午节文化内涵 [145] 。农历五月初五端午节，又称端阳节、午日节、五月节等，最初是中国人民祛病防疫的节日，吴越之地春秋之前有在农历五月初五以龙舟竞渡形式举行部落图腾祭祀的习俗；后因诗人屈原在这一天逝世，便成了中国汉族人民纪念屈原的传统节日。 [146] “端午”的“端”字本义为“正”，“午”为“中”。“端午”，“中正”也，这天午时则为正中之正。古人以天干地支来作为载体，天干承载天之道，地支承载地之道，设天干地支以契天地人事之运，纪元通用天干地支。仲夏午月午日飞龙在天，此时龙星处在正南中天，为全年周天运行最“中正”之位，既“得中”又“得正”，乃大吉大利之象。古人历来崇尚中、正之道，“中正“之道在此表现得淋漓尽致。另，端亦有“初”的意思，因此午（五）月的第一个午日，亦谓端午。 [3-7] 据统计，端午节的名称在中国所有传统节日当中叫法最多，达二十多个，如有龙舟节、重午节、端阳节、端五节、重五节、当五汛、天中节、夏节、艾节、上日、五月节、菖蒲节、天医节、草药节、浴兰节、午日节、地腊节、正阳节、龙日节、粽子节、五黄节、诗人节、躲午节、解粽节、端礼节、五月初五、五月当午等等。 [8] 端午的多个名称由来： ●端阳节 古人纪年、纪月、纪日、纪时通用天干地支，根据干支历，按十二地支顺序推算，第五个月即“午月”，而午日又为“阳辰”，所以端午也称为“端阳”。 [133] ●天中节 仲夏端午苍龙七宿处在正南中天，位置最”正“、最”中“。另，因端午节对于在北回归线及以南地区，太阳在天空位置是一年里最当中。 [3] ●重午节 上古干支纪元法，以天干地支来作为载体，纪元通用天干地支。端午原为干支历的午月午日，正月建寅，第五个月即为午月，午月午日谓之重午，午月午日“中正”也。到了汉代时，由于南北统一，历法变动，朝廷为了方便过节，规定每年的端午节改为阴历五月初五。 [9-10] ●龙舟节 龙舟竞渡最早是江浙地区吴越部族祭龙祖的一种祭祀活动形式 [145] ，为表示他们是“龙子”的身分，端午节两个最主要的活动吃粽子和竞渡，都与龙相关。粽子投入江河水里祭祀龙神，而竞渡则用的是龙舟。他们不仅有“断发纹身”以“像龙子”的习俗，而且每年在端午这天，举行一次盛大的图腾祭；其中有一项活动便是在急鼓声中刻画成龙形的独木舟，在水面上作竞渡的游戏，绘图腾神。这便是龙舟竞渡习俗的由来。 [139] 划龙舟是端午节的一项重要活动，故又称龙舟节。 [11-12] [14-15] ●草药节 端午日是草木药性在一年里最强的一天，端午遍地皆药，这天采的草药治皮肤病、去邪气最为灵验、有效，故名。 [137] ●龙节 端午节 端午节 龙是吴越部族的原始信仰，源自天象崇拜 [145] 。 [49] 仲夏端午“飞龙在天”，苍龙的主星“大火”（心宿二）高悬正南中天，龙气（阳气）旺盛。由于易经的阴阳转化之道，盛极必衰，“上九”（乾卦第六爻）则为“亢龙有悔”；从卦辞而言，“上九”为最阳之爻，再无上升的余地，必然要走向衰落。而仲夏端午的“九五”是为“飞龙在天”，龙星处于全年最“中正”之位，喻事物处于鼎盛时期，大吉大利。《易经·乾卦》爻辞中所言的“龙”，实质是对苍龙七宿一年四时运行的阐发。 [17-19] ●浴兰节 民间有在端午采草药煲水沐浴的习俗，故亦有浴兰节之称，如汉代《大戴礼》云：“午日以兰汤沐浴”。 [3] [20] ●上日 端午，有的地方称为“上日”，意思是“神的日子”。亦有佳日、佳节的意思。 [21-22] ●菖蒲节、艾节 古人认为菖蒲、艾草有辟邪作用，端午阳气旺，且艾、菖长势茂盛，每年端午人们有在门上挂菖蒲或艾草辟阴邪的习俗，故端午节也称“菖蒲节”、“艾节”。 [3] ●当五汛 在上海部分农村，靠杭州湾北岸一带区域，如奉贤、南汇等地区，习惯上称“端五节”为“当五汛”。亦有个别地区称为“五月当午”。 [3] [16] ●躲午节 古时南北风俗各异，“五月”古时北方中原称之为“恶月”，所以有的地方在端午节这天，父母便把未满周岁的儿童，送到外婆家去躲藏，以避恶，故有“躲午节”之称。 [3] [23] ●地腊节 道教把全年分为五腊，正月一日天腊，五月五日地腊。据《天皇至道太清玉册》与《云笈七笺》中说，五月初五名地腊，五帝攒会之日，此日五帝会于南方三炁丹天，查生人祖考及见世子孙所行善恶，以定罪福，校定生人官爵。道教认为一年中的几个腊日是良辰吉日，适合祭祀祖先和诸神以获得福佑。 [24-25] 历史渊源编辑 播报 源流 古老传统节日的起源与上古原始信仰、祭祀文化及天象、历法等人文与自然文化内容有关。根据现代人类学、考古学的研究成果，人类最原始的两种信仰：一是天地信仰，二是祖先信仰。古老节日多数形成于古人择吉日祭祀，以谢天地神灵、祖先恩德的活动。早期的节日文化，反映的是古人自然崇拜、固本思源等人文精神；一系列的祭祀活动，则蕴含着祗敬感德、礼乐文明深邃文化内涵。节日的起源和发展是一个逐渐形成，潜移默化地完善与普及的过程。古时南北风俗各异，先秦时代端午节的节俗活动鲜见于中原文献记载，就现存文献没法直接考证其源流。关于端午节的相关文字记载，“端午”二字，最早出现在晋代的《风土记》中，但端午的习俗却早已有之，如龙舟竞渡祭祀之俗，早已存在。 [7] [26-30] 龙形星象 龙形星象 端午节两个标志性习俗是扒龙舟和食粽。闻一多先生认为端午节是吴越族举行龙图腾崇拜活动的节日，闻一多先生的《端午考》里提道，距屈子投江千余年前，划龙舟的习俗就已存在于吴越水乡一带，目的是通过祭祀图腾--龙，以祈求避免常见的水旱之灾 [147] 。他在《端午考》及《端午节的历史教育》（见《闻一多全集》）两篇论文中详细论证了他的观点。 [52] 当时龙已是吴越民族的图腾，后来演化成了全民族的图腾崇拜；就是在祭龙的仪式中，才逐渐有了划龙舟的习惯。 [12] 吴越先民以“龙”为图腾，而且每年在端午这天，举行一次盛大的图腾祭；其中有一项活动便是在急鼓声中以刻画成龙形的独木舟，在水面上作竞渡祭龙神，也给自己游戏取乐，这便是龙舟竞渡习俗的由来。关于龙的传说，在《路史》等著作中有相关记载：“天皇氏骧首、鳞身”。《易纬通卦验补遗》：“天皇氏之先，与乾曜合德。”此言天皇氏祖先与日、月、五星（七曜）合德，即其身份极为崇高。《河图》：“五龙见教，天皇被迹。”荣氏注曰：“五龙治在五方，为五方神。”《春秋命历序》：“（五龙）父子分治五方”。上古吴越先民以“龙”为图腾，在图腾时期，四支族的四龙各治一方，而以团族的一龙为中央共主，所以有五龙分治五方之说（闻一多《端午考》）。这些龙的历史传说，其实即是源于上古吴越先民对龙的崇拜与信仰。 [12] [14] [18] [31-34] 近代大量出土文物和考古研究证实：长江中下游广大地区，在新石器时代，有一种几何印纹陶为特征的文化遗存。该遗存的族属，据专家推断是一个崇拜龙的图腾的部族，史称百越族。出土陶器上的纹饰和历史传说示明，他们有断发纹身的习俗，生活于水乡，自比是龙的子孙，端午节就是他们创立用于祭祖的节日。在数千年的历史发展中，大部分百越人已经演变为汉族了，其余部分则演变为南方许多少数民族，因此端午节成了全中华民族的节日。 [128] 龙及龙舟文化始终贯穿在端午节的传承历史中。据考证，进行龙舟竞渡的先决条件必须是在产稻米和多河港的地区，这正是我国南方沿海地区的特色。龙舟作为一种文化，它的出现比屈原所处的年代要早得多。《淮南子·齐俗训》中有“胡人便于马，越人便于舟”的记载。 [13] 我国古代南方水网地区人们常以舟代步，以舟为生产工具和交通工具。人们在捕捉鱼虾的劳作中，攀比渔获的多寡，休闲时又相约划船竞速，寓娱乐于劳动、生产及闲暇中，这是远古时竞渡的雏形。据河姆渡遗址和田螺山遗址的史前文化表明，早在7000年前，就有了独木舟和木桨；龙舟最初原形是单木舟上雕刻龙形的独木舟，后来发展为木板制作的龙形船。竞渡与古代吴越地方的关系尤深，况且吴越百姓还有断发纹身“以像龙子”的习俗。古代五月初五日有用“五彩丝系臂”的民间风俗，这应当是“像龙子”的纹身习俗的遗迹。 [18] 在古代典籍有关龙舟起源的记载中，最早是出现在东汉。据此可以推测，端午的习俗最初可能只在长江下游吴越民族中流行，后来吴越文化逐渐和中原文化交流融合，这种习俗才传到长江上游和北方地区。 [13] 端午节风俗形成可以说是南北风俗融合的产物，随着历史发展又注入新的内容。总的来说，端午节起源于上古百越先民择“飞龙在天”吉日拜祭龙祖、祈福辟邪，注入夏季时令“祛病防疫"风尚；把端午视为“恶月恶日”起于北方中原，附会纪念屈原等历史人物纪念内容。 [11] [13] 由来 端午节源自天象崇拜，由上古时代龙图腾祭祀演变而来。端午祭龙礼俗与原始信仰、祭祀文化、干支历法以及苍龙七宿正处南中的天象有关。中国古代的星象文化源远流长、博大精深，古人很早开始就探索宇宙的奥秘，并由此演绎出了一套完整深奥的观星文化。据《春秋命历序》：“天地开辟，万物浑浑，无知无识；阴阳所凭，天体始于北极之野…日月五纬一轮转；天皇出焉…定天之象，法地之仪，作干支以定日月度。”上古时代人们定天之象、法地之仪，根据日月星辰的运行轨迹和位置，将黄道和赤道附近的区域分作28组星宿，俗称“二十八宿”，按东南西北四方各分为七宿，即为“四象”；在东方的“角、亢、氐、房、心、尾、箕”组成一个完整的龙形星象，即苍龙七宿。苍龙七宿的出没周期与一年四时周期相一致，春季于东方抬头，夏季于南方腾升，秋季于西方退落，冬季隐没于北方地平线下。仲夏端午苍龙七宿高悬于正南中天，处在“正中”之位置，喻事物处于最鼎盛状态，乃大吉大利之天象。 [1] [30] [35-36] 二十八宿 二十八宿 在传统文化中，方位和干支时间以及八卦是联系在一起的。先天八卦以乾坤定南北，天南地北为序，上为天为乾，下为地为坤；正南为先天八卦的乾位，即为“天”。仲夏午月午日，苍龙七宿运行至正南中（乾）方位，是龙飞天的日子。苍龙群星一年四时的运行情况及事象规律，在《易经·乾卦》的爻辞中有阐发，仲夏端午苍龙运行至正南中天，对应乾卦第五爻“飞龙在天”。在《易经》中，以八卦为基础又两两重合而构成六十四重卦；重卦乾由上下两个乾卦重合而成，它的卦形由六根阳爻组成；爻是要从下往上数，而阳爻又以“九”代称，故从下数第五爻称“九五”；九五之爻在上乾卦中居于中的位置，称“得中”，而且从总卦来看，它处于奇数的位置，阳爻处于奇位称“得正”，故九五爻既“得中”又“得正”，从其所处位置来看，就是大吉之位。九五爻“飞龙在天”是《易经》乾卦中最吉利的爻。 [35-38] 古老节日是传承古老文化的载体，古老节日的由来与古老文化密切相关。仲夏午月午日苍龙七宿飞升于正南中天，《易经》称其为“飞龙在天”，龙星处在“中正”之位，既“得中”又“得正”，乃大吉大利之天象。“龙”是上古百越先民的原始信仰，仲夏端午是”飞龙在天“的吉祥日子，先民在端午这天举办一些喜庆的活动，特别是与龙相应的活动元素，如龙图腾祭、扒龙舟这类活动，或是借此吉日做一些祈福纳祥、压邪攘灾的活动等。古代的祭仪情形虽渺茫难晓，但还是可以从后世的节仪中寻找到一些古俗遗迹。端午文化充分体现了中华民族“天人合一”的自然观。端午节是老祖宗留下的文化瑰宝，它不仅清晰地记录着中华民族先民丰富而多彩的社会生活文化内容，也积淀着博大精深的历史文化内涵。 [18] [30] [36-40] 考证 古老传统节日的由来多与上古原始信仰、祭祀文化及天象、历法等人文与自然文化内容有关。古人对龙图腾的崇拜，源于对天象的崇拜。仲夏端午苍龙整个星座都出现在天空中最显著的位置，最明显的标志是苍龙的主星“大火”，位于南方正中天。《易经·乾卦》中的爻辞“飞龙在天”；《尧典》中的“日永星火，以正仲夏”；《夏小正》中的“五月初昏大火中”，讲的都是此时的天象。古人把“飞龙在天”这天定为龙的节日，龙及龙舟文化始终贯穿在端午的传承历史中。闻一多先生在《端午考》一文中主张认为端午节最早源自于百越先民图腾祭，闻一多认为就是这个龙图腾，后来演化成了全民族的图腾崇拜；就是在祭龙的仪式中，才逐渐有了划龙舟的习惯。据河姆渡遗址和田螺山遗址的史前文化表明，早在7000年前，就有了独木舟和木桨；龙舟最初原形是单木舟上雕刻龙形的独木舟，后来发展为木板制作的龙形船。近代大量出土文物和考古研究表明：早在上古时代，百越先民便创造出璀璨的高度文明。出土的文物和历史传说示明，端午节就是他们创立用于祭祖的节日