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This article is about contractual transactions on a decentralized platform. For smart legal contracts, see Smart legal contract.

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Dmitriyevich and the family name is Buterin. Vitalik Buterin Виталик Бутерин Vitalik Buterin TechCrunch London 2015 (cropped).jpg Buterin in 2015 Born 1994 (age 28–29) Kolomna, Russia Nationality Russian Montenegrin\[1] Education University of Waterloo Known for Ethereum, Bitcoin Magazine Awards Thiel Fellowship Scientific career Fields Digital contracts, digital currencies, game theory Website vitalik.ca Vitaly Dmitrievich Buterin, better known as Vitalik Buterin (Вита́лий Дми́триевич "Вита́лик" Буте́рин, born 1994), is a Russian-Canadian computer programmer, and founder of Ethereum. Buterin became involved with cryptocurrency early in its inception, co-founding Bitcoin Magazine in 2011.\[2]\[3]\[4] In 2014, Buterin deployed the Ethereum blockchain with Dimitry Buterin,\[citation needed] Gavin Wood, Charles Hoskinson, Anthony Di Iorio, and Joseph Lubin.\[5]\[6]\[7]

Proof of authority (PoA) is an algorithm used with blockchains that delivers comparatively fast transactions through a consensus mechanism based on identity as a stake.\[citation needed] The most notable platforms using PoA are VeChain,\[1] Bitgert,\[2] Palm Network\[3] and Xodex.

Proof of personhood (PoP) is a means of resisting malicious attacks on peer to peer networks, particularly, attacks that utilize multiple fake identities, otherwise known as a Sybil attack. Decentralized online platforms are particularly vulnerable to such attacks by their very nature, as notionally democratic and responsive to large voting blocks. PoP is a resistance method for permissionless consensus, in which each unique human participant obtains one equal unit of voting power and associated rewards. In contrast with proof of work, proof of stake, and other approaches that confer voting power and rewards in a blockchain or cryptocurrency proportionately to a participant's investment in some activity or resource, proof of personhood aims to guarantee each unique human participant an equal amount of voting power and rewards, independent of economic investment.

A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes.\[1]\[2]\[3]\[4] Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree, where data nodes are represented by leaves). The timestamp proves that the transaction data existed when the block was created. Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a chain (compare linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks.