Highlights of Interview with Vitalik

1. What is the significance of the 4 hardforks in 2021 and the implementation of the Merge and Sharding to the grand Ethereum Roadmap?

Vitalik: Three important hard forks went live on Ethereum in 2021. The First was Berlin, the second London. The most important part of the London upgrade was EIP-1559, the fee market reform. EIP-1559 brings two important changes: the first is quicker inclusion. With regard to this, I retweeted a paper by researchers at Peking University and Duke University on the consequences of EIP-1559. The second is 1559 started to burn a lot of ETH, now it's burnt almost 1.7 million ETH, so the issuance of ETH has become much lower. Altair is the first hard fork of the Beacon chain. It was like a test. With this experience, we know how to make the Merge upgrade quicker, simpler, and safer.

The most significant thing we are going to do in 2022 is the Merge. After the Merge, we will only have a PoS chain, and the PoW chain will no long exist. Our existing accounts, contracts, and transactions will all live on the PoS chain. This is a very important step forward. After the Merge, our priority will be scalability. Today, the TPS of Ethereum is not high enough, so the transaction fee is high, but if we can tackle scalability, the transaction fee could be very low. There are already many good projects of rollups, such as Optimsim, Atbitrum, StarkWare, zkSync, and Loopring, but rollup+sharding can make transaction fee become even lower. So the Merge and scalability are our top priorities. With these two problem solved, we could say have finished 80% of the roadmap, but now we have finished 50%.

2. "The Urges" Roadmap

Vitalik: I posted a roadmap in December last year, which consists of 5 parts. The first is The Merge. The second part, The Surge, is about sharding and scalability. The third part, The Verge is about Verkle tree, which is a technology that makes validating the Ethereum chain and running a node easier. The fourth is The purge, about cleaning the historical things that were once used in our protocol but no longer needed. The fifth is The Splurge, it includes all other important upgrades such as account abstract, PBS, EVM upgrade, etc.

3. The updates of The Merge

Vitalik: Péter Szilágyi from the Geth team tweeted that The Merge will be ready after next PR. It means that, after they launch the next version, there will be a lot to test, but there will be few to develop. So we are now at such a stage: we have a testnet called Kintsugi that has been running for 6 weeks, and now the only thing remained untested is optimistic sync, it is about how a new node syncs when it first join the network. This part still requires development. Some client teams have been doing a lot of development, but more testings are needed. So it is likely that the Merge could be implemented in June. With the difficulty bomb pushing, we do have some time pressure.

4. The anticipated progress on Layer2 in 2022

Vitalik: Optimism and Arbitrum have witnessed great user growth recently. According to the website cryptofees.info, their transaction fees are relatively stable. However, they are not decentralized rollups, with the private keys controlled on their own. As they are concerned that fraud proofs still have some technical bugs, they are doing some audits and verification. So the next step is to fully decentralize verification as well as sequencing, which requires more time.

5. What makes the transition of users from L1-centric to L2-centric ready?

Vitalik: Usability is one of the blockers for projects to move to L2. Admittedly, the transaction fee on L2 is lower than L1, but not low enough. Besides, L2 projects still have some technical issues and without full ecosystem tooling support. The ecosystem of L2 is gradually growing, and I think things will be different in a year.

6. Off-chain availability

Vitalik: Expensive on-chain availability is the reason why many projects prefer off-chain availability. But after the implementation of sharding, and the deployment of some short-term proposals like EIP-4488, on-chain availability will be cheaper. Plus, cross-validium and a single validium share similar security.

7. Token model of Layer2

Vitalik: Some Layer2 projects may have their own tokens, some may not. A few years ago, projects with their own token were not welcome in Ethereum community, maybe it was because many scammy projects launched their tokens in 2016 or 2017. But now, people are more positive, and realize that it's a good self-governance tool. But I myself have published a few articles criticizing coin-voting. I think there will be more innovative token models on Layer2, but I don't know what they are.

8. Interested NFT projects

Vitalik: NFT is interesting, as it can do a lot of things, but now NFT is highly financialized. Some NFTs become a way to represent your financial status, which is unhealthy. What interests me is how to make some better NFTs. I have two ideas. I published an article Soulbound last month, it is about NFTs that are untransferable and represent what you have done or participated instead of how wealthy you are. POAP is something like that, they could make the ecosystem better. That's my first idea. The second is that most NFTs nowadays are not functional, but NFT can be functional, such as ENS and CityDAO NFT. It requires more creative ideas.


中文版:

1、以太坊 2021的进展、合并和实现分片分别对路线图有什么重要意义

Vitalik: 我们2021 年做的最重要的三个 hard fork,第一个就是柏林,第二个就是伦敦。伦敦硬分叉中最重要的最重要的一部分就是 EIP-1559,就是交易费用机制的改革。1559 有两个很重要的部分。第一部分就是交易费的事情变得更好用。如果在伦敦升级之前发一个交易,你可能要等 30 秒、60秒,有时候等得更久才能把你的交易打包。但是现在可能就是等5 秒、10 秒、15 秒。所以现在,发交易变得特别快。关于这个,有一篇文章是北京大学和 Duke University 的学生写的,我 1 月 17 号转了这个文章。第二部分就是 1559 开始消耗很多的 ETH,现在可能已经消耗了 170 多万,所以现在 ETH 的增发变得特别少。这是伦敦的重要内容。Altair 是我们的 PoS 链 Beacon chain 第一次做的硬分叉,柏林和伦敦都是 PoW 链的升级。所以我们现在做过一个分叉,我们知道怎么做了,可以说这是一种测试。所以我们做过一个分叉了,下次我们做合并的时候就会做得更快、更安全、更简单。2022 年我们要做的最重要的事情就是合并。合并之后,PoW 的链就不会存在了,我们就只会有 PoS 的链。我们现在有的账户、合约、交易都会在 PoS 链上运行。所以这是一个非常重要的进步。合并之后我们最重要的事情就是可扩展性,现在以太坊可以处理的交易不多,现在交易费还是很高,但是如果我们可以解决可扩展性的问题,交易费可以变得特别低。那些 rollup 的项目已经做了很多,现在主网上已经有 Optimism、Arbitrum、StarkWare、zkSync、Loopring,有很多好的项目。但是 rollup + 分片可以使交易费变得特别低。所以合并和可扩展性是我们最重要的工作。把这两个做好之后,可以说是完成 80% 的进度了。现在还是 50%。

2、“The Urges"路线图解释

Vitalik: 我在去年 12 月份发布了一个路线图:第一个是 The Merge (合并)。第二个是 The Surge,就是分片和一些扩展性的东西。第三个是 The Verge,是关于 Verkle tree,这是让验证以太坊的链变得更容易,跑一个节点变得更容易的一个技术。第四个就是 The Purge,就是把一些历史的东西,把一些协议里我们以前用,但现在不需要的东西删掉。把以太坊的协议变得更简单。第五个就是 The Splurge,包括所有其他的重要升级,有账户抽象、PBS (PBS 是我们现在特别关注的话题)、EVM 的升级等等。但是如果我们把合并和分片做好,我们就解决了最大最重要的问题。

3、合并的具体进度

Vitalik: 昨天 Geth 团队的核心开发者 Péter Szilágyi 发了一条推说,下一个拉取 (PR, Pull Request) 之后就为合并做好准备了。就可以说他们客户端公布下一个版本之后,需要测试的很多,但剩下的开发已经没有什么了。所以现在我们大概就是在这个阶段。我们已经有一个网络,我们已经有 kintsugi。已经跑了六个星期,现在唯一的,也是最大的还没测试的东西就是 optimistic sync。就是一个新的节点第一次进去网络的时候,它怎么可以同步、下载网络的信息。这个过程还是需要一些开发,他们的一些客户端的团队都已经做了很多开发,但 还需要更多测试。所以现在很可能六月份可以把合并工作做完。现在有一个难度炸弹,如果在这之前我们还没解决一些问题,出块的时间会变得越来越长。当然实在需要是可以延迟的,但其实现在我们还是有一些时间压力的。

4、2022 年 L2 值得期待的发展

Vitalik: 最近 Optimism 和 Arbitrum 的用户特别多,参考 cryptofees.info  这个网站,他们的交易费都是比较稳定的。但是他们现在还不是去中心化的 rollup,还有一些他们自己控制的私钥。因为他们还是会担心欺诈证明的一些技术有 bug,所以会做一些 audit 和验证。所以下一步就是把这个验证过程完全去中心化,把排序交易的这个过程也完全去中心化,这个需要多一点时间。

5、变成用户以 Layer2 为中心还需要哪些条件?

Vitalik: 现在有很多项目没有搬到 L2,是因为 L2 的可用性还不够好。L2 的交易费是比 L1 低一点,但还不够低。L2 项目还有一些技术问题,有很多生态工具都还没完全支持。现在Layer2 的状态还在慢慢壮大,我觉得一年后可以解决这个问题。

6、cross-rollup 的安全问题

Vitalik: Cross-rollup 桥接的安全问题比 cross-chain 桥接的安全问题会更简单。因为 cross-rollup bridges 的 merkle root 都在L1 上。所以技术问题更小,不需要担心两个链的共识算法的问题。所以做安全的  coss-rollup 桥接比做安全的cross-chain 桥接简单很多。但还是有很多技术要做,现在有很多团队做这些,但可以做得更好。

7、链下数据可用性问题 off chain avaialability

Vitalik: 现在很多项目选择链下数据可用性,是因为现在链上数据可用性还是比较贵的。但是有分片之后,以及一些短期的方案比如 EIP-4488,这些方案出来之后,链上数据可用性会变得更便宜。但因为链下数据可用性可以使交易费变得特别特别低,一些项目还是会选 zk-validium。但是 cross-validium 安全问题不大,而且两个 validium 的安全问题和一个 validium 的安全问题区别不会很大。

8、Layer2 的代币模型

Vitalik: 可能有些 L2 会有自己的币,可能有些没有。3、4 年前以太坊社区特别不喜欢一些项目做自己的币。可能是因为 16、17 年有很多不靠谱的项目发出自己的币,大家会不喜欢。大家对代币的看法改变了,态度变好了,认为是做自治的工具。我之前发表过一些批评代币投票的文章。现在会有很多项目做一些实验,不再只是代币投票,会有很多创新,但具体是什么也不知道。

9、DAO 的实践和区块链与现实世界的互动

Vitalik: 特别喜欢 citydao,与现实世界还可以在IDENTITY,REPUTATION等方面结合,现在很多人认为区块链是金融和赌博有关,pow的能源消耗问题是大家批评区块链的一个原因,pos可以解决。非金融应用的最大障碍是交易费用的问题,肯定不能解决所有政府对区块链的意见,因为现在的世界与区块链世界的原则还是很不一样的,但把目前的事情做好,可以做好自己的生态

10、加密货币和区块链可以在各种世界危机中可以带来的积极影响

Vitalik: 不同地方有不同的问题,比如阿根廷严重的金融问题,货币通货膨胀,还有做生意的方式,做centralized 基础设施的能力比较低。二次方募资,新的治理方式可以做得好,把这些方式用到其他领域使用,甚至政治领域。经济问题,欧洲的经济没有增长这么快,拉美的其他地区有这种问题。我现在发现区块链的生态与中心化技术的生态不一样的地方在于,在中心化的领域做一个成功的事情需要你在一个中心,比如在中国一个大城市,在旧金山。但在区块链领域不是这样的,以太坊很多项目来自阿根廷,还比较穷的东欧国家,在web2 领域没怎么成功的地方在 web3 可以成功。web3 的开发方式可以帮不是中心的地方在web3 获得成功,减少世界不平衡问题。

(完)

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