我最近在重新学solidity,巩固一下细节,也写一个“Solidity极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程),每周更新1-3讲。
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所有代码和教程开源在github(1024个star发课程认证,2048个star发社群NFT): github.com/AmazingAng/WTFSolidity
BTC
和ETH
这类代币都属于同质化代币,矿工挖出的第1
枚BTC
与第10000
枚BTC
并没有不同,是等价的。但世界中很多物品是不同质的,其中包括房产、古董、虚拟艺术品等等,这类物品无法用同质化代币抽象。因此,以太坊EIP721提出了ERC721
标准,来抽象非同质化的物品。这一讲,我们将介绍ERC721
标准,并基于它发行一款NFT
。
通过ERC165标准,智能合约可以声明它支持的接口,供其他合约检查。IERC165
接口合约只声明了一个supportsInterface
函数,输入要查询的interfaceId
接口id,若合约实现了该接口id,则返回true
:
interface IERC165 {
/**
* @dev 如果合约实现了查询的`interfaceId`,则返回true
* 规则详见:https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
*
*/
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}
我们可以看下ERC721
是如何实现supportsInterface()
函数的:
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external pure override returns (bool)
{
return
interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
}
当查询的是IERC721
或IERC165
的接口id时,返回true
;反之返回false
。
IERC721
是ERC721
标准的接口合约,规定了ERC721
要实现的基本函数。它利用tokenId
来表示特定的非同质化代币,授权或转账都要明确tokenId
;而ERC20
只需要明确转账的数额即可。
/**
* @dev ERC721标准接口.
*/
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes calldata data
) external;
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) external;
function transferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId
) external;
function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;
function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
}
IERC721
包含3个事件,其中Transfer
和Approval
事件在ERC20
中也有。
Transfer
事件:在转账时被释放,记录代币的发出地址from
,接收地址to
和tokenid
。Approval
事件:在授权时释放,记录授权地址owner,被授权地址
approved和
tokenid`。ApprovalForAll
事件:在批量授权时释放,记录批量授权的发出地址owner
,被授权地址operator
和授权与否的approved
。balanceOf
:返回某地址的NFT持有量balance
。ownerOf
:返回某tokenId
的主人owner
。transferFrom
:普通转账,参数为转出地址from
,接收地址to
和tokenId
。safeTransferFrom
:安全转账(如果接收方是合约地址,会要求实现ERC721Receiver
接口)。参数为转出地址from
,接收地址to
和tokenId
。approve
:授权另一个地址使用你的NFT。参数为被授权地址approve
和tokenId
。getApproved
:查询tokenId
被批准给了哪个地址。setApprovalForAll
:将自己持有的该系列NFT批量授权给某个地址operator
。isApprovedForAll
:查询某地址的NFT是否批量授权给了另一个operator
地址。safeTransferFrom
:安全转账的重载函数,参数里面包含了data
。如果一个合约没有实现ERC721
的相关函数,转入的NFT
就进了黑洞,永远转不出来了。为了防止误转账,ERC721
实现了safeTransferFrom()
安全转账函数,目标合约必须实现了IERC721Receiver
接口才能接收ERC721
代币,不然会revert
。IERC721Receiver
接口只包含一个onERC721Received()
函数。
// ERC721接收者接口:合约必须实现这个接口来通过安全转账接收ERC721
interface IERC721Receiver {
function onERC721Received(
address operator,
address from,
uint tokenId,
bytes calldata data
) external returns (bytes4);
}
我们看下ERC721
利用_checkOnERC721Received
来确保目标合约实现了onERC721Received()
函数(返回onERC721Received
的selector
):
function _checkOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private returns (bool) {
if (to.isContract()) {
return
IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(
msg.sender,
from,
tokenId,
_data
) == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
} else {
return true;
}
}
IERC721Metadata
是ERC721
的拓展接口,实现了3个查询metadata
元数据的常用函数:
name()
:返回代币名称。symbol()
:返回代币代号。tokenURI()
:通过tokenId
查询metadata
的链接url
,ERC721
特有的函数。interface IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
function name() external view returns (string memory);
function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}
ERC721
主合约实现了IERC721
,IERC165
和IERC721Metadata
定义的所有功能,包含4
个状态变量和17
个函数。实现都比较简单,每个函数的功能见代码注释:
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// by 0xAA
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./IERC165.sol";
import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "./Address.sol";
import "./String.sol";
contract ERC721 is IERC721, IERC721Metadata{
using Address for address; // 使用Address库,用isContract来判断地址是否为合约
using Strings for uint256; // 使用String库,
// Token名称
string public override name;
// Token代号
string public override symbol;
// tokenId 到 owner address 的持有人映射
mapping(uint => address) private _owners;
// address 到 持仓数量 的持仓量映射
mapping(address => uint) private _balances;
// tokenID 到 授权地址 的授权映射
mapping(uint => address) private _tokenApprovals;
// owner地址。到operator地址 的批量授权映射
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
/**
* 构造函数,初始化`name` 和`symbol` .
*/
constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) {
name = name_;
symbol = symbol_;
}
// 实现IERC165接口supportsInterface
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
external
pure
override
returns (bool)
{
return
interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId;
}
// 实现IERC721的balanceOf,利用_balances变量查询owner地址的balance。
function balanceOf(address owner) external view override returns (uint) {
require(owner != address(0), "owner = zero address");
return _balances[owner];
}
// 实现IERC721的ownerOf,利用_owners变量查询tokenId的owner。
function ownerOf(uint tokenId) public view override returns (address owner) {
owner = _owners[tokenId];
require(owner != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
}
// 实现IERC721的isApprovedForAll,利用_operatorApprovals变量查询owner地址是否将所持NFT批量授权给了operator地址。
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator)
external
view
override
returns (bool)
{
return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
}
// 实现IERC721的setApprovalForAll,将持有代币全部授权给operator地址。调用_setApprovalForAll函数。
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external override {
_operatorApprovals[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
}
// 实现IERC721的getApproved,利用_tokenApprovals变量查询tokenId的授权地址。
function getApproved(uint tokenId) external view override returns (address) {
require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "token doesn't exist");
return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
}
// 授权函数。通过调整_tokenApprovals来,授权 to 地址操作 tokenId,同时释放Approval事件。
function _approve(
address owner,
address to,
uint tokenId
) private {
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
}
// 实现IERC721的approve,将tokenId授权给 to 地址。条件:to不是owner,且msg.sender是owner或授权地址。调用_approve函数。
function approve(address to, uint tokenId) external override {
address owner = _owners[tokenId];
require(
msg.sender == owner || _operatorApprovals[owner][msg.sender],
"not owner nor approved for all"
);
_approve(owner, to, tokenId);
}
// 查询 spender地址是否被可以使用tokenId(他是owner或被授权地址)。
function _isApprovedOrOwner(
address owner,
address spender,
uint tokenId
) private view returns (bool) {
return (spender == owner ||
_tokenApprovals[tokenId] == spender ||
_operatorApprovals[owner][spender]);
}
/*
* 转账函数。通过调整_balances和_owner变量将 tokenId 从 from 转账给 to,同时释放Tranfer事件。
* 条件:
* 1. tokenId 被 from 拥有
* 2. to 不是0地址
*/
function _transfer(
address owner,
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId
) private {
require(from == owner, "not owner");
require(to != address(0), "transfer to the zero address");
_approve(owner, address(0), tokenId);
_balances[from] -= 1;
_balances[to] += 1;
_owners[tokenId] = to;
emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
}
// 实现IERC721的transferFrom,非安全转账,不建议使用。调用_transfer函数
function transferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId
) external override {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(
_isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId),
"not owner nor approved"
);
_transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
}
/**
* 安全转账,安全地将 tokenId 代币从 from 转移到 to,会检查合约接收者是否了解 ERC721 协议,以防止代币被永久锁定。调用了_transfer函数和_checkOnERC721Received函数。条件:
* from 不能是0地址.
* to 不能是0地址.
* tokenId 代币必须存在,并且被 from拥有.
* 如果 to 是智能合约, 他必须支持 IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received.
*/
function _safeTransfer(
address owner,
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private {
_transfer(owner, from, to, tokenId);
require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data), "not ERC721Receiver");
}
/**
* 实现IERC721的safeTransferFrom,安全转账,调用了_safeTransfer函数。
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) public override {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(
_isApprovedOrOwner(owner, msg.sender, tokenId),
"not owner nor approved"
);
_safeTransfer(owner, from, to, tokenId, _data);
}
// safeTransferFrom重载函数
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId
) external override {
safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
}
/**
* 铸造函数。通过调整_balances和_owners变量来铸造tokenId并转账给 to,同时释放Tranfer事件。铸造函数。通过调整_balances和_owners变量来铸造tokenId并转账给 to,同时释放Tranfer事件。
* 这个mint函数所有人都能调用,实际使用需要开发人员重写,加上一些条件。
* 条件:
* 1. tokenId尚不存在。
* 2. to不是0地址.
*/
function _mint(address to, uint tokenId) internal virtual {
require(to != address(0), "mint to zero address");
require(_owners[tokenId] == address(0), "token already minted");
_balances[to] += 1;
_owners[tokenId] = to;
emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
}
// 销毁函数,通过调整_balances和_owners变量来销毁tokenId,同时释放Tranfer事件。条件:tokenId存在。
function _burn(uint tokenId) internal virtual {
address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
require(msg.sender == owner, "not owner of token");
_approve(owner, address(0), tokenId);
_balances[owner] -= 1;
delete _owners[tokenId];
emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
}
// _checkOnERC721Received:函数,用于在 to 为合约的时候调用IERC721Receiver-onERC721Received, 以防 tokenId 被不小心转入黑洞。
function _checkOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private returns (bool) {
if (to.isContract()) {
return
IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(
msg.sender,
from,
tokenId,
_data
) == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
} else {
return true;
}
}
/**
* 实现IERC721Metadata的tokenURI函数,查询metadata。
*/
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
require(_owners[tokenId] != address(0), "Token Not Exist");
string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
}
/**
* 计算{tokenURI}的BaseURI,tokenURI就是把baseURI和tokenId拼接在一起,需要开发重写。
* BAYC的baseURI为ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariGR3jxcaWtq/
*/
function _baseURI() internal view virtual returns (string memory) {
return "";
}
}
我们来利用ERC721
来写一个免费铸造的WTF APE
,总量设置为10000
,只需要重写一下mint()
和baseURI()
函数即可。由于baseURI()
设置的和BAYC
一样,元数据会直接获取无聊猿的,类似RRBAYC:
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// by 0xAA
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "./ERC721.sol";
contract WTFApe is ERC721{
uint public MAX_APES = 10000; // 总量
// 构造函数
constructor(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) ERC721(name_, symbol_){
}
//BAYC的baseURI为ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariGR3jxcaWtq/
function _baseURI() internal pure override returns (string memory) {
return "ipfs://QmeSjSinHpPnmXmspMjwiXyN6zS4E9zccariGR3jxcaWtq/";
}
// 铸造函数
function mint(address to, uint tokenId) external {
require(tokenId >= 0 && tokenId < MAX_APES, "tokenId out of range");
_mint(to, tokenId);
}
}
这一讲,我介绍了ERC721
标准、接口及其实现,并在合约代码进行了中文注释。并且我们利用ERC721
做了一个免费铸造的WTF APE
NFT,元数据直接调用于BAYC
。ERC721
标准仍在不断发展中,目前比较流行的版本为ERC721Enumerable
(提高NFT可访问性)和ERC721A
(节约铸造gas
)。