Summary

While reviewing Hyperlane's smart contract codebase, I identified a critical vulnerability in their rate-limiting implementation that could enable attackers to completely shut down cross-chain token transfers and message verification with minimal effort and cost.

What is Hyperlane?

Hyperlane is a permissionless interoperability layer that enables secure cross-chain communication. It uses various security mechanisms, including rate limiting, to prevent abuse and ensure system stability. However, a fundamental flaw in their rate-limiting implementation creates a significant vulnerability.

The Vulnerability: Public Rate Limit Consumption

The issue lies in Hyperlane's RateLimited contract, specifically in the validateAndConsumeFilledLevel() function. This function implements a token bucket algorithm for rate limiting, but is marked as public without any access control:

function validateAndConsumeFilledLevel(
    uint256 _consumedAmount
) public returns (uint256) {
    uint256 adjustedFilledLevel = calculateCurrentLevel();
    require(_consumedAmount <= adjustedFilledLevel, "RateLimitExceeded");
    
    // Reduce the filledLevel and update lastUpdated
    uint256 _filledLevel = adjustedFilledLevel - _consumedAmount;
    filledLevel = _filledLevel;
    lastUpdated = block.timestamp;
    
    emit ConsumedFilledLevel(filledLevel, lastUpdated);
    return _filledLevel;
}

The Problem: Anyone can call this function directly and consume the entire available rate limit capacity, effectively performing a denial-of-service attack.

However, the contracts that inherited this function never overrode it or added any proper access controls.

Impact Analysis

This vulnerability affects two critical components:

1. RateLimitedHook

• Impact: Prevents legitimate token transfers from being dispatched

• Duration: Up to 1 day (the DURATION constant for rate limit refill)

• Cost to Attacker: Minimal gas fees

2. RateLimitedIsm

• Impact: Prevents legitimate message verification

• Duration: Up to 1 day until the rate limit naturally refills

• Repeatability: The Attack can be performed continuously

Attack Scenario

Here's how an attacker could exploit this vulnerability:

1. Monitor the Rate Limit: Call calculateCurrentLevel() to check available capacity

2. Exhaust the Limit: Call validateAndConsumeFilledLevel() With the full available amount

3. Repeat: Continue the attack as the rate limit refills to maintain persistent DoS

// Attack demonstration
uint256 availableCapacity = rateLimitedHook.calculateCurrentLevel();
rateLimitedHook.validateAndConsumeFilledLevel(availableCapacity);
// Now filledLevel = 0, blocking all legitimate transfers

Real-World Consequences

This vulnerability could enable attackers to:

• Halt Cross-Chain Operations: Block all token transfers between chains for extended periods

• Disrupt Protocol Operations: Prevent message verification, breaking core functionality

• Economic Damage: Force users to wait or pay premium gas prices to compete

• Reputation Risk: Damages user trust in the protocol's reliability

• Competitive Advantage: Competitors could weaponize this to disrupt Hyperlane's operations

The Fix:

The Hyperlane team resolved the issue by implementing proper access control measures.

Lessons Learned

This vulnerability highlights several important security principles:

1. Principle of Least Privilege: Functions should have the minimum necessary visibility

2. Access Control by Design: Critical functions must implement proper authorization checks

3. CVSS Score: Likely 8.5+ (High)

4. Defense in Depth: Rate limiting should be combined with other security mechanisms

5. Thorough Testing: Security tests should include adversarial scenarios

Responsible Disclosure

This vulnerability was responsibly disclosed to the Hyperlane team, allowing them to address the issue before public disclosure. Since Immunefi's bug bounty program does not cover the problem, no bounty payout has been made.

Developers (or) integrators of Hyperlane should exercise additional caution while using these contracts, which are not adequately covered under the Bug Bounty program, which may contain vulnerabilities.

Bug Submission