1 Background

From time to time, major exchanges hold various events to attract new users, increase user activity and attention on the exchange, launch new coins, and so on. No matter what the intention is, the exchange certainly does not want a user to control a bunch of accounts and pretend that they are eligible for the exchange's intention and start sybil attack. Now let's analyze the sybil attack situation of recent activity on the FTX exchange.

Introduction to the analyzed activity (approx. 66% multi-bonus-getting users content):

This is a recent launch of FTX's Euro stable coin top-up prize pool.

1. Activity target group: FTX.COM and FTX Pro users who have passed Level 2 KYC identification requires name date of birth, address, English name, phone number and SMS authentication, description of source of funds, passport or other government-issued identification (front and back), which also includes face recognition. In terms of results, KYC is of limited use for sybil attack prevention.

2. Get the bonus conditions: if you make a net top-up of more than 100EUROC to the FTX wallet during the campaign period, you will get the bonus.

3. Event period: July 29th 14:00 UTC to August 12th 14:00 UTC Campaign Bonus: Bonus per user = 150,000 EUROC / Total number of eligible users Since a top-up of more than 100 EUROC is counted as one user, the sybil attackers have the will to control a large number of accounts to increase the final percentage of the bonus

4. Activity links:

   https://help.ftx.com/hc/en-us/articles/8073943197076-Deposit-100-EUR-fiat-or-EUROC-to-share-a-pool-of-150-000-EUROC-

The analyzed activityThe following chart shows the number of addresses deposited to EURO coin before and after de-duplication, which shows that during the campaign there were many cases when one address gave deposits to multiple addresses. In the graph below, the blue line shows the number of addresses before the de-duplication, and the green line shows the number of addresses after the de-duplication.

2 Methods of detecting the same person on the chain

Data to be analyzed: FTX exchange EUROC currency deposits, cumulative deposits greater than or equal to 100EUROC will be considered, upward tracing of data within 5 hops

Analysis of judgment criteria: If A address deposit EUROC to B address , A and B is considered a two-person group. If A and B is a group, B and C is a group, then ABCD is a group. A group can also be commonly understood as a group of people who have had a direct or indirect EUROC transfer relationship during the activity. The final implementation uses the Union-Find Algorithm - all addresses that have made EUROC transfers to each other during the campaign are placed in the same group, and after eliminating non-exchange addresses the final group corresponding to the FTX exchange users is obtained. Then the hot wallet addresses of contracts and exchanges are excluded.

The funding flow tracking algorithm used: a fusion of depth-first algorithm and width-first, which can be understood as a simple version of the network flow. The user's funding stream is tracked in one or more hops according to the timeline.

2.1 Analysis of one-step based transfers

Analyzing from the perspective of on-chain information, the case of the same person topping up to different accounts to get more rewards during the activity period just corresponds to the case of topping up EUROC to different accounts of FTX from the same address.

So first, analyze the aggregation behavior of FTX based on the on-chain information to get the most recent aggregation address of FTX, then invert all the user addresses based on the characteristics of aggregation, and finally analyze the deposit behavior of these user addresses to EUROC during the campaign period. The following figure is a group that can be analyzed in one jump, whose tail number is 8b5c.It directly deposited 100EUROC to four FTX exchange user addresses in order to obtain more bonuses.

2.2 Analysis of multi-step based transfers

But analysis of one-step based transfers, can only analyze the case of a person directly using the same address to FTX multiple users to play money. If the person is a little smarter, in order to avoid tracking, he chose to send money to several different addresses at first, and then let these addresses send money to FTX exchange.We can not detect this situation.

For example, this figure below shows the group. This address with suffix of afac can be said to be very clever . He perfectly bypassed the detection of one hop. This example is a good illustration of the necessity of analysis of multi-step based transfers.

But this algorithm can also lead to some minor problems, such as if the hot wallet of the outgoing funds from Exchange A is traced, it will lead to all users of Exchange A being detected as a group, because the outgoing funds from the exchange are made through a large pool called the hot wallet.

We have to do something to prevent this misclassification from being discovered, so if we identify it as an exchange hot wallet address (yes, we can identify it as an exchange hot wallet address, and by transferring money to >100 people in a short period of time at that address and some other judgment conditions, we can also determine which exchange it corresponds to), then we will stop the tracing and will not group the groups into one as a result.

Moreover, if we encounter a smart contract address, we will not put the addresses that have interaction with this contract into the same group.

3 Group Display

Group Type 1

These groups do not hide their actions, perhaps with confidence in the benevolent generosity of FTX. He directly topped up multiple FTX wallets greater than or equal to 100EUROC in some one- step transfers. if FTX does not take any anti-fleece measures, he will be a fully loaded winner of this game.

Group type 2

This type of group has a portion of funds that are directly topped up and then called to several other addresses to get them to participate in the activity as well.

Group Type 3

This group variety, which I call the smartest attackers, perfectly circumvented the detection of analysis of one-step based transfers, but still had a little less patience, were detected after the analysis of multi-step based transfers. The size of this group is 10.

Group type 4

As shown below, 0x2551f92a90914a813798b56530ab82fa704482e0 controls 366 FTX wallets, which means that his earnings are 87980.7636 EUROC, or 58.65% of the total prize pool. The vast majority of this group's direct top-ups were in the amount of 101EUROC, associated with 12 FTX users.And the rest were first allocated n 101EUROC to an intermediate address, which then topped up the money to the corresponding multiple FTX accounts. All top-ups occurred on August 9, 2022. The source of their funds all originated from address 0x2551f92a90914a813798b56530ab82fa704482e0.

4 FTX Loss Analysis - Estimated Loss of 112,260EUROC with 66.35% Attacker Content

The intention of FTX is to have more real users join this campaign, on the one hand, to have new users, and on the other hand, to have more people accept and use the Euro stable coin. However, because of the existence of sybil attack, most of the prize money went to the hands of attackers. At the same time, the interests of real users are also very much damaged, the bonus pool that should belong to real users is divided by the devil a large part. If FTX had the ability to identify witches, the woolly party of this event would not be so simple to attack directly, so presumably FTX would not filter them. This also illustrates the importance and necessity of the basic risk control service of anti-wool from another perspective.

A simple calculation, FTX's bonus pool is 150,000 EUROC, a total of 624 users with cumulative recharge greater than or equal to 100 participated in this activity. The final analysis shows that there are a total of 442 user addresses which belong to attackers, excluding groups below the size of 5, a total of 414, or 66.35%, normal users only account for 33.65%. In other words, 99525EUROC were given to the attackers for no reason, and I can already imagine FTX's face after losing so much money because of the wool party.

Now let me imagine the expressions of the users. If the prize was awarded to 624 users, each user would have received 240.3846 EUROC, but if FTX had taken the war seriously, eliminated the wool players and awarded the prize to 210 real users, each user would have received 714.2857 EUROC. Users lost 473.9011 EUROC. which is about twice the amount the user really got.

P.S. If there is a need for related testing or anti-sybil attack services, please do not hesitate to contact us directly. We sincerely hope we can help you.

5 Appendix

Appendix: The following is a summary of FTX users whose belong to attackers

Group 1 0x15392e0fc17d655720c3f6e3bb8d65d89119afac:
    0x085b1a4da5fe1892edd3d43129471dc0b997e6d3
    0x9db2cb089d0285b4f977e39a03bf53c41fa45b0c
    0x053c7dccb49a44875038dc2967a88c7c1c8a508d
    0xe7d3a284a39cf4b7d505f57ca77cf3dd701fa45e
    0x42d761640d3cce83cee77bb5ace971a5d67168e9
    0x41983b029393392f5341126ba3e1308e6727a7ab
    0xea1954274fcff5b896ed96d8342ad3487a0a3b61
    0x344259bfad646c524efc42b68c5589a06d2843e5
    0xed95a246baad323c840c1d39aba4864deb8a56d7
    0xdf08a9a2b4a289cd17543518c7b1f5e6bbca570d
Group 2 0x1719f0381c17bfd7f80b16bd3e9d8929a400d5de：
    0x0f3497372c800c9bffc6857aff2f56e2c1a2c241
    0x1d0b2d159d419cb180a7f4ae1441b36dee1e4d8e
    0x1e053f113f7a3a510dcd3a7d3a4983c47ad46951
    0x37bb7b5c2f067ddaba180346b893782a2c29f1a9
    0x3b07003982b3903bc9ad0cd354380d33ce041dd9
    0x43718629109835da0a5c24e820dc0840962ee3a5
    0x6e4216d234e0a0709f65bc61a7f41db130a1c23d
    0x768027dc6e02494c05fbea255fd99bca2b6e5815
    0x798cbe5ef1e5ff23ee8bab2452d97e292d72efaf
    0x7ce8b7f56692a8430b687daa6a5ac2b669fb010e
    0x7fc3e1c8bb6e5679f2117653f4cc67a121325c09
    0x861835b4351dfe08fd15c19cee4e00566d5ed698
    0xc5411cad8db599c2f5c1d1d563776e98a856358a
    0xd8a060ed8eed31d863bcf04611b3f55b5de567d2
Group 3 0x1e03bf06e248ffa3ac32f6ac3c772817a174ad54：
    0x0940edc63d648f642710deca73d7bf1ebc3f9293
    0x0b2ee81b1f0a5ebeb9ef9722f4f97e03b2218384
    0x15b7d0f5b5f56037aeceefc74974996de54fa71a
    0x6438ab4061ae45f5feeabf8f1ba6be72ac5748ae
    0x98d7fb7f6f85385161cf4984abb93a14ebb7fd6b
    0xdf92a30b040bacf448398023d4ee696e789817ca
Group 4 0x88ce43b0c597db8d669dbd75613210abba416bc9：
    0x2c750783b15eac82b9521a3cdd432e8a9f598604
    0xa85d9d2b854cffd8c753ae15877b8ec05dd30fbc
    0xc42bf15cee3acfc724c93a4ecb2c547226ffcfda 
Group 5 0x1b33b9d0322d84434cc217c76611902515db8b5c：
    0x2918abd7d381eb06e525784bbfb48a32d50c1c90
    0x461e5f939ecb30e6ee3a342807b0cf985b3076e9
    0x84a4c58a10263303b765dee231dc4b73e240e144
    0xa0f04b90a0296bdbeb6a2450e0e9d54485f8995d
Group 6 0x5912cb37dbd803d0671c1b63bf1c5b08574362c1：
    0x4b32df8b2c429ee70d5ee6112cfbfe3b57432f7d
    0x95b86510560d32c18662778e346c03e27f33adb3
    0x97f382a64cbecd8552ffd363079ba04b61f8ed08
Group 7 0x2e697b953ca2db42ee2d92c4d0ed3170d0c87e05：
    0x4885259ad7d3a9b8e92bd00dc9083625be85c3f3
    0xb2e23d27a43649d295e887fc3ffe9c4ffc2442c1
    0x4b57c864afd63c5ada7878df1cf9d162fb9fcbfb
    0x51dcaec927e7e698713cf7cd8cc38c1c2fed3662
    0x9ed35cbdc142744b5c0d3c48578dad46134abc30
    0x724c5fe137d87cc8450c1ec96aa26b58aaa31982
    0xf57aa4ee96ff71ac6cf6bb37e453e3198c729c3b
    0xf6216e9658f471dca80b037267614e4654a884a2
Group 8 0xbcdffecb673431f13069fc29bc2bbca52232eaf5：
    0xa3914c554a9bff9d421ea44e9ff88dca475dd56e
    0xed529e8f4bc56acf8bb52689d8507b753c03831a
Group 9 0xf5683a32f8a795416081919ccabb200a9b5af137：
    0x8f3e3614c74f37c8a02097648c2425337edf2ecd
    0x997975db01dcf114977f07f7c7f6dc7725bed6b1
    0xa04dbec8e6f5344e396fbebae092834e179ca76d
    0xe2c1d6ed6a7011157639c8f85bb0d28a6e3046c0
Group 10 0x1b69c4a788ad8f940e624341ab45c731d01190de：
    0x7d80eba0f48bce681481555fc64446350c366864
    0xdefd9d443116c4e72dd0624a9e9c921c2658670a
Group 11 0x231887a438073623f58176ee91a086438209b98e：
    0x05debf984ad68c58349ee681143bae0d0715c4e7
    0x2927853b9d3e610a2ca7ee9c49e611dc378d9e75
    0xb0d14f628de0029b9fe03015c382be021ea707b7
    0xc575bc2ba28d7395a3e4f215329f07e8bcf66cd8
    0xc9e50c18808b9c77c8c805714d984e1d61b95879
Group 12 0x7bf97c7a86508cdb54cccbd3e853042b14778ee9：
    0x259914ab523330486bf939c94bfaf4842a83bd96
    0xeddb991be62ec7fa6c059328b76604557d2e688b
Group 13 0x75bff95e3598bfd65d9150405eb201b52c0aaace：
    0x95515829bd4b78d6782de5a15f989dbe27476479
    0xdfb87ae5636782b89d1c111dfb08d25a9ea5bfa2
Group 14 0x9ee3f286e4b3ca837e4acb5294da10ff5219429a：
    0x2475de89fcfebc90f14c1281d99fe94ec56a4c5e
    0x38bee14a4f5e150b508564f6cb3cf9b34946f414
    0x5c1a563ed5032885e3b03b8477a750de2ee1a532
    0x78899122cee6de6b2b034de788a0e8225a2a3062
    0xd6a66ccb8cfa04083fe3b8223612da362ea5be01
Group 15 0x0e2ae905b17dc5f090270bbc8d1c4e3281a0f33c：
    0x81aaa250aec718ab1e73abf3ff5cb958a592891c
    0xfa97bbc0cb1616ab80a64c46cec1e64e9967fc07
Group 16 0x18c12986c2586ceeba256b99ea443c519d868cf2：
    0xbc6053ee227578e161fadc0da5f5260164cdf2a5
    0x887efd597b20562cac3c2b14e9406b3f868b7b78
    0xc2df5ba2b235d5eeeb11adf1f19a0199830d897e
    0x1a7674b56897c1f606aaf297e527ef7f861f747b
Group 17 0x2551f92a90914a813798b56530ab82fa704482e0：
    0x00562fbcc6ff61411bcc9bcaef091658acb9ddcd
    0x023cc205596c18966e729301b9892b23bcd2a254
    0x0245586787b703f9cb8aa95eaca7d014c026598e
    0x0366722210bb0d889fca775f44ecce51592e841c
    0x060c431b695f763b00d75dd380070ef8624510f3
    0x063bea8ccc8310f40dc0d11426412a5c45a49405
    0x07aaf96bbd2e1ca4f40bf504375eab945579498b
    0x0848fbcd42b61fcac3cf95f4ab2a5d99fff9f4f2
    0x091757c41bfcc87dfe7698c4fd22920ed3ca8afe
    0x097c99f9b15b5f7ec85d19e3ded8a2579abff64d
    0x09f18ffb68009a0ef864e61f3a389773b7548432
    0x0aaa665392f3db13808bc41c28cb50c2dc71d6bb
    0x0bc70880dd639a1130aafcc8d5ea2bf3161c798d
    0x0bf7689495a8db3c40fa543ad51c0330733d0591
    0x0d3cba0802b8076ef6af79146f775a3cd180dc1b
    0x0dd6537f7ce32c5640c09de2c472897a897d7464
    0x0df74aa586e82d46ff38bd7fa07ea81b6976d297
    0x0e53a8ff81b9493d0b96d374a2aed6908516b7b9
    0x101cd382bcdda6205e3c15f367bcdf96b96d6961
    0x10a495212bf0ad3fd5b8562d66134f2048f70c3e
    0x119289c02a0f74aea9d6385f0b8c257ea00474d9
    0x130b401e3ec1de9653c26bc149cc9ed8ef576fe6
    0x139851db0b517f34a70d79cbfa45be2d6facbc3d
    0x13f1a43794670e707938c3c9244e728df4401e81
    0x1462ed5f1a51db3f06057551048bbfc03698bee3
    0x146e6ce655c4200806c4ef49965348de0d2b6196
    0x14f9f4519c73f28b26ee9b7dac8e8bf7137c67fb
    0x1577f3ffd0dee8c47c060251e950bbf2c379e1ea
    0x1663d16b0a7ac4d3c827e3babcbcdca1d40cb35b
    0x1672de5e44a6fa9e89e0dd9e49a80e6f36eef2d7
    0x16c35679c8b784477b71024ee8dbea9b7617b7e2
    0x171c580cbab9728a93a1791ad74825a02e445b6f
    0x175af6da943834a0b12c30d9bda1add3e48d5e16
    0x17f098724c03b63dc9afb99d250d0f036ed86837
    0x187cea953d483dce67b527cefce5f3febbb421d4
    0x19188a30d4d419c69b041e2eb9d68ab02a405e97
    0x193005b99e34a5bfe6181f4116adaed1ad638de2
    0x197aac657e86b62c143443e8fd4480e45a0a0dfb
    0x1a9beddd2b96d35bfce11291441177afa06275ff
    0x1ad9543a36bf8c3be45981630f3aae6957469d66
    0x1af99379b11ac48f66e7865f6c2c88a45d249cbe
    0x1b623293072f73d121dd7f4b32d7b6fc1cfb4bd7
    0x1bff6ff765eb31567ca20dfb62d16bce8c1a0b1c
    0x1c29a463636d54894ba20eda173c948d2ccedf2c
    0x1c48c52480551a663e40455b2da719d4367c201d
    0x1dce2d05123570fe572e62aada5460831036f63f
    0x1e0b54af5ad91c7d238910a92a4ab2ffb9068b53
    0x1fa32cbf996d621dd93d702a704247d079072b0c
    0x2139abd925524a4b953a5f429530802e6a3f0125
    0x21dee4c48f656f842de576247631a1b86c97c10f
    0x221c51eaef4564a655adc12b7cfe6ff04383d856
    0x2268a65e2632963667654708833ca4d37c63ec04
    0x2279340df3f007ccfdfe38454b95f422716595d2
    0x22f69fc506093b8d9bed294e04b4ed5de151a7a7
    0x230b3c97f3903c77231ec648c00cde38bd3614db
    0x23cd26f3b8a65d4bc362859d38a2843f434032e9
    0x243dae9191e3d5110b62411c22c27c60dc2fd07d
    0x249412ac005b99c23dc571d17cbe8f5c76047ba5
    0x2545ac2ae11fabf99643e7f6333d45a61ea7afeb
    0x25c1643ff891a8f582741013f91025440e761a4a
    0x25d47681204dc32d77bd62edd526e37519c889ca
    0x25ea0ec1b5d6c2eb8f355967ab735fef2c15d53e
    0x26f7bb6f1ff2d16a8902ef2d2a0ddb7e251dc725
    0x276d77da7f3d9613689957ef717f0538a96606c1
    0x27b4ecc680636d463968e045fc4ea3a05540a529
    0x2eceb7ac14b0bcd9126b451296a5a51e7dcd0e0a
    0x2f67d56c1903d62ce84764c4e8b6ade9720a28de
    0x2f978b2c7f42e9c920d38c955c8c344ca7e34c92
    0x310047842c545fc1578069c060cde949eaebbb0b
    0x31474fdae7710563e27975c47f457ad92bd52179
    0x33018d91d08a4ef4769dad0f28f5a795db29d5ae
    0x3507a8848ec10b94244b2663642b25342d9f07df
    0x35ac802cd23a832bafb85ce03a2d4f92672a2c2c
    0x35bc1cbbbd4b458b87775600b05b4dc7007ac7c2
    0x35f8c9ff0c04141c23b0b7b4149d1beb3c582a8b
    0x36d25303f13875174b323fba408f8dacfd82b4f1
    0x393816ee07ca169fa27502e054dec4f2c629d916
    0x39a1d3aad62d937288b20f5a01f50b65d6728309
    0x3afe0ab919ebf75033e9baba079ad37f9804e4a9
    0x3d09da5f69771a518ca8aadeb54deb2828e2e92e
    0x3d107f25001afa5e6b3293655aa07f32cfe2fd0a
    0x3d3a3b17603fe56c8c6f226bfb30147dba580236
    0x3ec2c2b6e7f6c7177633b6db399420c6716433c4
    0x3fdde0bea45b76e5323271689b63eba5bbc6fa16
    0x40b9aaeab00e60b9de57f1d448e49a48bbcb7f0d
    0x41bc499a45cd918a880c76ef5cd87969677909d5
    0x42258ddcec56b3499c38e3d64e96a4a799854172
    0x4230c32b60b108eb6d5d19a527b2580ed3789e6b
    0x42c5497bf7bf994e888593bd60b332c827d8b4be
    0x4325a731c3f4042a2c0e72f2daa083403cd517ee
    0x436564ce4acd4670765b858fd8ace547e2606233
    0x4382ac9f473968950955d21cfcfb5f7da046d4f6
    0x44849cdf92a59349dac19ce0dd59fb787bab2c38
    0x45480d597a9e6dba055eb9137803630138c9afe6
    0x45702c14d61b0b59dce52c96dc338acbee963f50
    0x47a211f1dfdb73fee16998b04789be24f323c06a
    0x48a7fcbbd5b882e0565894e49e15e852bd6f5bde
    0x4984441be556dc5385d0bc11ff94e2a4b8d4dca6
    0x49923e062f9204aa108060e494701a8a31fdc2f1
    0x499e6df76f465eaccf6ab16f5031c6ce0db41076
    0x4a079408914cb2345f3dc6f90fdf3df4138e916c
    0x4a97b0d58a13e3752aabdc2e6c41474e6544c362
    0x4ade18e875fab4c521b2ee59e68a4bbba4b5acb1
    0x4b31c2c34b0b2c1cec3ec31a642ccd3345ab83a6
    0x4bffbfce96d454c17cf2594fe1142c8d3b15fb95
    0x4c7d2d8154e8a1d7555a1f2aae70a3e7cd2c4b13
    0x4ca04eec7b5a8445c804a90b1a344861d9997da4
    0x4efa9f4e743eadf36cec2e61aaf25853367e38d3
    0x4f00e136154fb61339c1aefbd54bc21b193ad7a0
    0x51142ab9d9106617f058f7f36c167862a548d8cb
    0x515f3c2ed231736530b72b7d58aefab4e5274ce1
    0x518b2eb2b6c17993e4dad124451afc4ac82493f4
    0x519d2b7eec5c5c1e56f6a96d3972dc6c75ecab45
    0x51cf3f665e0f8d9ebdd926824bf472ec3c1a41f9
    0x52255d6e8d3941c705698d4c0e8999fbaac18927
    0x53025e6fe8eb8962a6c0613243e9e1df3734c0ef
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